EK Technologies

How to Draw A Three-Phase Waveform and Its Importance  Learn how to easily draw a three-phase AC waveform step-by-step, a fundamental skill for power electronics and power systems engineers. Discover its critical role in efficient power delivery for industrial applications and renewable energy systems. Method 1: Easiest Triangular Wave Connection to draw a three phase wave form Sketch three identical triangular waves, each spanning 360° with linear rises from 0° to 90° (peak), falls to 180° (zero), dips to 270° (-peak), and returns to 360° (zero). Label them R (rise starts at 0°), Y (rise at 120°), and B (rise at 240°); connect their outer tips externally with straight lines to approximate a continuous three-phase waveform set. This quick method visually captures 120° phase shifts without curve drawing, ideal for fast teaching or power electronics sketches. Method 2: Standard Sine Wave Drawing Plot on a time (0°-360°) vs. voltage axis: draw R-phase as a full sine wave p...

  Interfacing Relay Circuit in Proteus with Arduino Using Push Button Activation Learn how to simulate a relay circuit interfaced with Arduino in Proteus, where a push button activates switching to safely control a motor powered by a 220V AC source. What is a Relay Circuit? A relay circuit uses a relay as an electrically operated switch to control high-power loads through a low-power signal. The setup includes a relay coil powered by 5V from Arduino, a driver transistor/module, freewheeling diode for protection, and contacts connected to the load like a 220V AC motor. When energized, the coil's magnetic field closes contacts to allow current flow; de-energizing returns them via spring action. This Proteus simulation demonstrates button-activated relay control with Arduino Uno. The push button sends a low-voltage signal to toggle the relay, switching the motor while an LED provides visual status indication Key Components for Interfacing Relay Circuit ·      ...

What is Electricity? Electricity is the continuous movement of a sea of electrons (stream of electrons) from one point to another, through a conducting material such as a copper wire . An electric circuit is like a pathway through which an electric current (stream of electrons) flows. A circuit consists of a source, a conductor and a load (Resistance). See Figure.1.1 for an illustration of a DC circuit . Figure 1.1: A DC circuit DC Quantity A DC Quantity is that which has a constant magnitude or size and flows in one direction, hence the term Direct Quantity . A DC circuit consists of:   DC Voltage source , Direct Current and Conductor (Resistance). Before we look at each in detail, let’s use the analogy of a water tank to describe the three parts of a DC current, namely: voltage , current and resistance. Using this analogy, the charge is represented by the amount of water in the tank,  the voltage is represented by the water pressure, the current is represented by wate...

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How to Hack an AI: Understanding AI Security and Protecting Intelligent Systems Artificial Intelligence (AI) is among the most transformative technologies of our time. As AI systems grow more powerful and integrated across industries, understanding their security vulnerabilities becomes crucial. While the idea of " hacking AI " may sound like intrigue from a spy novel, it represents serious real-world risks that require thoughtful defense and awareness. Common AI Security Vulnerabilities AI models and pipelines have unique attack surfaces that adversaries can exploit: Prompt Injection : Attackers craft inputs that manipulate large language models to behave in unintended or harmful ways, bypassing filters or leaking sensitive data. This remains the top AI threat in 2025 due to the nature of natural language understanding . Data Poisoning : By injecting malicious or misleading data into AI training datasets, attackers degrade model accuracy or cause biased behavior...